Mothers Wanting to Resolve or Treat Various Psychological Problems of Children

[Mothers who need Mother Therapy]

- Those facing difficulties due to children’s psychological problems

- Those with conflicts with children’s psychological problems

- Those trying various efforts to treat children’s psychological problems

- Those taking counseling for children’s psychological problems

- Those who failed to treat children’s psychological problems

- those who have given up treating children’s psychological problems

- Those with difficulties because you cannot treat your children’s psychological problems

- Those with wounds due to children’s psychological problems

- Those blaming children for their psychological problems

- Those blaming themselves for children’s psychological problems

- Those who had or have psychological difficulties due to children’s psychological problems

If you are a mother suffering in difficulties due to your children’s psychological problems like these, you definitely need Mother Therapy; you will be able to treat your children’s problems without difficulty if you learn Mother Therapy.

[Various Psychological Problems of Children]

- Kleptomania of children (stealing things or money)

- Children’s abscondence from home (leaving home very often)

- Children who are socially withdrawn, who have autism spectrum disorder, and who have Asperger syndrome

- Children’s depression, impulse disorder, anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder

- Children’s eating disorders, deviated food habit or obesity

- Children’s school refusal, tormented or tormenter of bullying, victim or assailant of violence, and various conflicts

If you are a mother, you have experience difficulties at least once due to various psychological problems of your children. In some cases, problems disappear naturally, but in other cases, children’s psychological problems are not treated but last making the situation very hard and difficult. Mothers cannot simply ignore their children’s psychological problems because these problems are very harmful to them.

Mothers gather and exchange information about various psychological problems by type and make efforts to solve problems, but most of them still have difficulties without actually resolving the problems. Some of them could have a sense of shame with thoughts like ‘how come my child’s problem is not treated when others have been treated?’

When various psychological problems occur to your children like this, how are you dealing with these problems?

Are you still suffering in difficulties looking for methods to resolve of treat your children’s psychological problems?

Whatever your children’s problems are, treatments must be applied only for your children. Psychological treatment must be adjusted only for your children when treating their psychological problems, but you don’t know you’ve failed to treat your children’s psychological problems because you tried to treat their various psychological problems depending on examples and methods of other mothers’ or of experts, etc.

I hope you no more waste your time.

Mothers waste their time; children suffer from difficulties and agony due to their psychological problems.

Mother Therapy can treat every psychological problem that has occurred to your children.

It is the psychological treatment method of children that mothers can treat their own children in person.

You have thought that it is experts’ job to treat your children’s psychological problems so far; however, only mothers are able to find the proper method and treat their own children. It is because experts cannot know the right treatment methods only for your children.

Mother Therapy will teach mothers the principles of psychological treatment for their children; when mothers apply these principles adjusted to their own children, that will be the right treatment method only for their children. Therefore, mothers must learn Mother Therapy and be able to treat their own children’s psychological problems.

I am certain that none of you has ever expected Mother Therapy.

You’ve never thought of that mothers are the experts in treating their children’s psychological problems.

Mother Therapy is the psychological treatment method for children that experts could never develop.

Now, you can become psychological treatment experts for your children.

Stop suffering in difficulties to treat your children’s psychological problems.

This will make not only you but also your children suffer in difficulties.

Mothers Wanting to Treat Internet Addiction or Social Media Addictin of Children

[Mothers who need Mother Therapy]

- Those facing difficulties due to children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

- Those with conflicts with children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

- Those trying various efforts to treat children’s internet addiction or social media addiction - Those taking counseling for children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

- Those who failed to treat children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

- those who have given up treating children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

- Those with difficulties because you cannot treat your children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

- Those with wounds due to children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

- Those blaming children or society for children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

- Those blaming themselves for children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

- Those who had or have psychological difficulties due to children’s internet addiction or social media addiction

If you are a mother suffering in difficulties due to your children’s internet addiction or social media addiction, you definitely need Mother Therapy; you will be able to treat your children without difficulty if you learn Mother Therapy.

When your children are so into either the internet or social media, you feel pent-up and angry. So, in most cases, you look for methods to stop your children from the internet or social media, or you either nag or get mad at your children. In other words, it is very natural for mothers to make efforts a lot to block their children from the internet or social media.

Mothers feel unhappy by seeing their children into the Internet or social media so much especially when they need to study. There would not be a mother who would like to see their children wasting their time for the internet or social media instead of eating, studying, emotional cultivation, etc. So, they force their children to stop using the internet, but it only hurts mothers due to opposition, collision, conflicts.

Like this, mothers will face children addicted to the Internet of social media at least once when raising them.

The problem is that this addiction to the Internet or social media is not temporary. Once children start using the internet or social media, they are most likely to be addicted to the internet or social media even after they become adults. Moreover, recently, relationships with friends and everything related to education are processed through the Internet or social media; children are forced to be more addicted to the Internet or social media.

Mothers try to treat children’s addiction to the internet or social media, but they either neglect their children because they cannot find proper methods to stop from using the internet or social media or have opposition, collision, or conflict with children.

Mother Therapy is the innovative psychological treatment methods for children that can treat children’s addiction to the internet or social media.

If mothers know the causes and treatment methods of children’s addiction to the internet or social media, they can, of course, treat their children fairly easily. This method is Mother Therapy.

There is no need of using various methods such as nagging at children to stop them from using the internet or social media, opposing them, arguing and having conflicts with them, reducing smartphone or computer using time, forcing them to stop playing games, etc.

Children can reduce time using the internet or social media by themselves by mothers if mothers learn and apply Mother Therapy to children. Therefore, mothers will be able to treat their children’s addiction to the internet or social media without difficulty if they learn Mother Therapy.

Reality That Psychological Problems of Children Are Serious

There is nothing new about children’s psychological problems; however, you can notice that children’s psychological problems are getting more various, more expanded, and more serious.

Juvenile crimes are very serious socially, but resolutions are only punishment-centered. It is very difficult to find solution-focused or treatment-focused methods, which is very serious and sad.

- Do your children listen to you very well because they are very kind?

- Are they always bright and cheerful without any psychological problems?

- Do they study hard and are they model students at schools?

- Are they happy?

How many mothers do you think would say ‘yes’ to these questions with confidence? From mothers’ point of view, children might seem to be happy.

However, you will know that the phenomena mentioned above could happen to children with serious problems as well if you understand the principles of how their mind and psychology operate.

You should understand that children’s psychological problems become more various and more serious since societies, schools, and households, in reality, view their psychological problems seriously.

Societies, schools, and households perceive all of the children’s psychological problems as psychological disorders and try to treat them, but in fact, these problems are nothing but trials and errors that occur naturally in their psychological developmental process. These trials and errors can be fixed easily and disappear if they are adjusted a little bit, but they will end up being psychological disorders if they are predicated and treated as psychological disorders.

That is to say that your children are in the preparation process to become adults.

It is very natural to experience trials and errors in this process. Their mind and psychology must not be interpreted in the adults’ point of view. We need to talk about their trials and errors together and have the wisdom to adjust and correct their psychology joyfully so they can grow in a right and healthy way.

We, Caring Mother Society, try our best to change these serious societies, schools, and households into right and healthy ones. Why don’t you start trying to change your children first?

Mothers should get involved in so children can live with healthy body and mind pursuing their happiness when become adults.

           Do not blame societies, schools, and others. Make yourselves experts in children’s psychological treatment from now on. Then your children will grow happily; you will be happy as well.

Methods of Rearing Sons and Daughters and Methods of Resolving Their Psychological Problems Are Different.

You need to rear your sons and daughters differently because their mind and psychology operate differently. Treatment methods must be different since the causes of their psychological problems are also different as well.

Lots of mothers complain of difficulties when raising daughters and sons. It is phenomena that occur when parenting information, nurturing information, information for psychological problem-solving, etc. are not accurate since they do not know that how to parent and resolve psychological problems of sons and daughters are different.

Then let’s talk about how to analyze differences between sons and daughters.

First, you must know that there are three psychological stages that your sons and daughters get through in the process of parenting and nurturing them. The three stages are survival, adaptation to relationship, and formation of self-identity. You also need to understand that the psychology of sons and daughters operate differently in the process of psychological development.

Second, the principle of how children’s psychology (perception, memory, expression) operates in mind must be understood when parenting sons and daughters. As for sons who are males, moods are operated; these moods change depending on whether things are right or wrong. As for daughters who are females, emotions are operated; these emotions change depending on whether they like or dislike things. This principle must be understood clearly.

Third, the causes of psychological problems of sons and daughters are different. Children’s psychological problems are phenomena that occur when imbalanced psychology of perception, memory, and expression are trying to be adjusted when psychological problems occur in accordance with the psychological developmental process. In cases of sons who are males, especially, psychological problems occur when they get constant stress. In cases of daughters who are females, psychological problems occur when their wounds last.

Fourth, treatment methods for sons and for daughters are different. When you try to resolve their psychological problems, you need to analyze the psychological operations of the psychological developmental process, the principle of how mind and psychology operate, and causes of psychological problems in order. If you find which psychology of children (perception, memory, and expression) you need to strengthen or weaken to make them balanced, that will be the treatment method for your children. This method is going to be the best if you can adjust it as you keep your daily routines.

Like this, that sons and daughters are different when resolving problems in parenting, nurturing, growth and psychology must be understood accurately.

You are probably looking for information about parenting, nurturing, and growth of other mothers or experts and information about treating psychological problems. However, you will know that all of these are useless when you learn Mother Therapy. Therefore, just refer to the information. Do not apply it to yourselves and your children.

Those who want to learn how to parent and rear children in the right way

Those who want to resolve(treat) psychological problems

Do not hesitate to take Mother Therapy. You will have information that you’ve needed; the efficacy will be much greater if you make yourselves experts in children’s psychological treatment.

Mothers Saying That They Have Given Up Rearing Children

How were you when your children were born?

Were you happy? Or have you regretted and not interested in them?

Most mothers would be happy when they gave birth to their children.

Think about how well and how much you treasured your babies when you had them while you were pregnant for 10 months.

However, you experience so many difficulties due to various problems of children as they get through survival, adaptation to relationship, and formation of self-identity after they were born. No one except for mothers will understand how hard it is to get through these endless difficulties. Mothers will face many difficulties in rearing their children.

Whether it is your children’s psychological problem or whether is it mothers’ psychological problem, mothers could possibly give up rearing children if they try to avoid difficulties in parenting children and want to live only as women.

In most cases, mothers give up rearing children because they are tired of and exhausted due to children’s psychological problems. There are also cases that they give up rearing children because they cannot endure their marriage due to husband’s problems or because they become so exhausted without any help from husband.

Mothers are women for sure. I’m not saying that mothers should give up living as women.

But they should be aware of that they could have very serious psychological problems if they give up being mothers and try to live only as women. If mothers try to live only as women, their maternal love will disappear resulting in that only moods will operate as males. Then they need to live with endless fud and interest making them delude themselves that fun and interesting things are the biggest happiness in their lives.

If this really happens, children will be the ones holding their mothers back; a husband will be only a machine making money; the household will be the one fettering their freedom and becomes unnecessary. Mothers will spend their time having fun with other men or women. Whether it is sexual fun or fun from traveling, or whatever they have fun with, they will live lives that only pursue fun things.

Do you really want to be mothers who give up children?

But they will have power to live happily in whatever difficult situations they are involved in if their children are happy. That is to say that they will not end up having psychological problems by given up parenting.

Therefore, if you are mothers, you must treat your children’s psychological problems so you and your children both can become happy.

For your and your children’s happiness, Mother Therapy is important.

If you can make your children happy through Mother Therapy, nothing will be better than this. It is going to be a shortcut for the happiness of a mother to be the happiness of a wife and of a woman.

Children's Psychological Problems Can Be Resolved without Difficulties

When children’s psychological problems occur, mothers try their best to resolve these problems. When mothers are told that children’s psychological problems can be resolved without difficulties, some of them do not believe it; some think that their children need to be treated since they have psychological disorders not psychological problems.

You take all of psychological problems Caring Mother Society or Mother Therapy mentions as psychological disorders. You must understand that these are psychological problems due to trials and errors children experience in their growing process and that you predicate that these problems are psychological disorders that need to be treated from adult’s point of view. Of course, there are cases that psychological disorders occur due to organic factors, but more than 90 % of these problems are psychological problems that occur due to trials and errors that children experience in their healthy growing process.

You must be aware that the possibility that your children also are experiencing trials and errors due to psychological problems is more that 90 %.

[Kinds of Psychological Problems of Children]

- tic disorders, Tourette syndrome, ADHD, learning disability, development delay and disability, game addiction, internet addiction, social media addiction

- intermittent explosive disorder, anxiety disorder, panic disorder, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, children & teenage depression

- violence, wrongdoing & damage, larceny/kleptomania, menstrual syndrome, and various phenomena due to other various psychological problems

Like this, your children’s problems are not psychological disorders but psychological problems that occur due to trials and errors in psychological developmental process.

These psychological problems occur when trials and error occur in children’s psychological developmental process and when they can’t get away from the trials and errors. So, their psychological problems can be resolved when their psychology is adjusted so they can cope with these trials and errors they experience in their psychological developmental process.

The reasons that you need to join Therapy Tour are not only to resolve children’s psychological problems but also to prevent their psychological problems that can occur.

Even if you are in very difficult situations due to your children’s psychological problems, you can resolve or treat their problems through Mother Therapy without difficulties. Do not worry. Just join in.

Once you feel the true value of Mother Therapy, you will understand how much information and knowledge that you’ve know and trusted are misrepresented and distorted.

You Really Don't Know Your Children's Mind and Psychology

How much do you think you know about your children’s mind and psychology?

Most mothers say they know about their own children the most. They are not wrong. They know about their children the most because they have seen hear, felt their children ever since they were born. However, I wonder if they have ever thought of the causes of their children’s speeches and actions.

- Why do they speak and act like that?

- Why do they keep doing things that I tell not to do?

- Why is my children’s development of speeches and behaviors slow?

- Why do they speak excessively and overact making me feel tired?

- Why do they feel difficult even though I treat them very well?

- Why do they not listen to me and get angry and irritated?

Besides these, there are many cases that you cannot understand your children’s speeches and actions or that you face difficulties because you do not know their mind.

Not many mothers understand their children’s mind and psychology. Counselors (experts) study about one speech and one action to figure out why children speak and act like that and provide counseling or treatment to resolve this. They try to study only about speeches and actions and treat them because they also do not know about mind and psychology.

Children’s mind and psychology are very simple. What they speak and how they act are all results of operations of their mind and psychology. They seem to just speak and act to you and others, but whatever they do are actually results of operations of their mind and psychology.

In order to understand your children’s mind and psychology, you must be able to clearly differentiate and interpret stages of survival, adaptation of relationship, and formation of self-identity. You need to understand how moods of males (sons) and emotions of females (daughters) operate in process of psychological development; if you understand the principles of interactions of perception, memory, and expression, you will be able to interpret their expressions (speeches and actions) by the unconscious.

You will be able to interpret these mind and psychology of children through Mother Therapy; you will understand necessary principles for rearing your children in the right way and find the happiness for both children and mothers by interpreting children’s psychological problems.

You must not leave your children’s psychological problems to experts anymore without knowing their mind and psychology. You need to be aware of that even experts do not clearly understand children’s mind and psychology.

Lots of information from the Internet and books only analyzes speeches and actions of expression, which is one of psychology.

I recommend you understand the mind and psychology of children accurately and treat your own children’s psychological problems by yourselves.

Developmental Background of The Theory of Xesmind

The Theory of Mimind and The Theory of Xesmind is revolutionary theories that are absolutely essential for psychological treatment.

Without knowing The Theory of Mimind and The Theory of Xesmind , principles of psychological treatment can never be understood.

[Book] The Theory of Mimind :

http://book.naver.com/bookdb/book_detail.nhn?bid=12166341

[Book] Xes Therapy – Treatment of Xes Function Disorder :

http://cafe.daum.net/xestherapy/gPwI/10

Xes Psychology Forum : http://cafe.daum.net/smindforum

The Training Process of the Theory of Xesmind:

http://cafe.daum.net/smindforum/iqn4/2

 Developmental Background of The Theory of Xesmind

   Mind operates in two ways: one is the mimind and the other is xesmind. So, I devised the Theory of Mimind and added the Theory of Xesmind in order to interpret the mind more precisely.

   After inventing the Theory of Mimind, I found that all of the principles and logics of the operation of human mind and psychology correspond to the reality. However, I also noticed the fact that human sex and sexuality could not be interpreted by applying the Theory of Mimind. There was a need for the development of principles and logics about sex and sexuality. The Theory of Xesmind was completed after a thorough research on this matter.

   The fundamental reason for developing the Theory of Xesmind was to interpret the sex of humans. I began the research on the reason why the principles of human sex have not been fully interpreted yet. Sex is definitely pleasurable and enjoyable. However, I wanted to analyze why sex causes serious problems in human relationships.

   If sex is just something fun and pleasurable, we should be able to enjoy sex with anybody. I couldn’t grasp its principles or understand why sex is painful and sad for some while others enjoy it so much. Sex may be fun and pleasurable, but the Theory of Mimind could not explain why sex operates differently for men and women under sexual conflicts in human relationships. It was also impossible to explain why it is fun for some but agonizing and painful for others.

  Consequently, I focused on the existing literature on sex and relevant information on the fun and pleasure of sexual actions. For granted, many scholars and experts are currently researching how sex creates wounds, pain, sadness, fun, pleasure and so on. Also, there is a plethora of research on sex regarding the methods to increase pleasure, fun or enjoyment. These researchers recruit married couples or single couples, men and women are recruited for the research projects.

   However, focusing on sex only, the connection between sex and human mind and psychology was never made. The interpretation based on sex leads to interpreting all of human mind with sex. The problem was worsened by interpreting human mind from sexual perspective only. After the development of the theory of mimind, it led me to think that there is a mind that exists and operates separately for sex. This was the beginning of the development of the theory of xesmind.

At first, I focused on mind and theorized the principle and logic of the operation of the psychology comprised of perception, expression, and memory. This became the Theory of Mimind. However, since this theory was not sufficient to interpret sex, I hypothesized that there is a different kind of mind within the mind which only operates on sex. Contemplating on human’s natural instincts, the research purported to verify it theoretically.

   Sigmund Freud’s sexual drive theory is the origin of all the theories on natural instincts. This theory of sexual drive illustrates the concept of libido which is presumed to be an instinct and xesmind. Freud had only hypothesized about libido and failed to verify it. Many scholars have done research on it, but they have interpreted these concepts based on the psychology of the mind and did not improve the theory of sexual drives.

   This theory of sexual drive could be improved upon and systemized. The hypothesis was that xesmind exists as a natural instinct within the mind. My attempts to prove this hypothesis gave birth to the Theory of Xesmind. This is the background story on how I developed the Theory of Xesmind.

   There exists mind that cannot be explained with sex alone. Human beings are more than their sexual instincts, but it doesn’t mean that they don’t have sexual instincts. I was certain that systemizing the principle of sexual instincts can lead us to the genuine understanding of human mind. The Theory of Xesmind is the culmination of the research on instincts which remained indecipherable until now.

   The ultimate reason for developing the Theory of Xesmind was to interpret the mind and psychology that operate on sex because those could not be interpreted using the principle of the operation of mind and psychology.

[This article is copyright protected. Do not use without permission]

Hypotheses of the Theory of Xesmind

The Theory of Mimind and The Theory of Xesmind is revolutionary theories that are absolutely essential for psychological treatment.

Without knowing The Theory of Mimind and The Theory of Xesmind , principles of psychological treatment can never be understood.

[Book] The Theory of Mimind :

http://book.naver.com/bookdb/book_detail.nhn?bid=12166341

[Book] Xes Therapy – Treatment of Xes Function Disorder :

http://cafe.daum.net/xestherapy/gPwI/10

Xes Psychology Forum : http://cafe.daum.net/smindforum

The Training Process of the Theory of Xesmind:

http://cafe.daum.net/smindforum/iqn4/2

 Hypotheses of the Theory of Xesmind

   After inventing the Theory of Mimind, I set the hypothesis that xesmind exists. As I proved this hypothesis, I could develop the Theory of Xesmind. Thinking that any theory is feasible at this point, I created and systemized the theory through verification.

   So, the most important thing when developing the Theory of Xesmind was the need for a Theory of Xesmind. The second important thing is to surmise and organize the existence of xesmind and how xesmind operates.

   Thus, it is important that xesmind exists within the mind in the hypothesis. I hypothesized about how xesmind exists within the mind.

   The first hypothesis is that ‘human mind consists of mimind in which xesmind exists’. Mimind and xesmind coexist but are separate entities and operate differently. Xesmind doesn’t have to exist if mimind and xesmind have the same function.

   No one thought that mimind and xesmind coexist. Currently, psychologists are unaware of the existence of the mind and are focused on psychology only. As a result, they don’t know that xesmind exists and operates independently within the mind.

   The second hypothesis is that ‘psychology operates in mind and xes psychology operates in xesmind’.

   Perception is the reception of external information through the mind, and memory stores and recalls information and emotions. Also, the external manifestation of the mind is called expression. Human’s sensory organs perceive external information as vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, remember the product of perception, and express through speech and action. So, psychology comprises perception, memory and expression. Here, mind and psychology are different.

   However, all the existing psychological theories ignore the mind and study perception, memory, and expression instead. Because they have excluded mind, they cannot understand how the conscious and the unconscious of human mind operate through psychology which is connected to the body. So, I have systematically organized and verified the principle and logic of the operation of mind and psychology. Without the theory of mimind, the fundamental nature of the operation of psychology cannot be understood.

  Furthermore, while researching the existence of xesmind within the mind, I hypothesized that if mimind and xesmind operate independently of each other, then psychology will be operating in the mind and xes psychology will be operating in xesmind. Here, xes psychology should not be considered as sex psychology. Therefore, I had to clearly define terms in the theory of xesmind.

   The original concept of sex is ambiguous and leaves room for confusion. The Theory of Xesmind distinguishes xes from sex. Sex in general is called xes, which is sex spelled backwards. I coined the term xes in order to shift the paradigm of sex.

   There comes the term, xesmind. In xesmind, the xes perception which perceives external xes information, xes memory which remembers xes information and xes emotions, and xes expression which expresses xes information are combined to form xes psychology. Here, xes psychology is not sex psychology because sex is just a part of xes expression and sex is not a psychology.

   Like this, I developed the theory of xesmind and combined it with the theory of mimind to devise the principle of xesmind and xes psychology which interact with the body. Based on these theories, I developed the treatment of men’s sexual dysfunctions. This treatment is called Xes Therapy. Xes Therapy verified that an accurate understanding of principle and logic behind the operation of xesmind and xes psychology can treat men’s sexual dysfunction automatically.

   Here, xesmind and xes psychology always operate together in mind and psychology. Therefore, every time mind and psychology operate, xesmind and xes psychology are partially activated. This is the hypothesis of the xesmind that psychology operates with mind and xes psychology operates with xesmind.

   The third hypothesis is that ‘wounds operate in women’s mind and psychology whereas xes wounds operate in men’s xesmind and xes psychology’. Women remember the feelings of wounds in her mind and psychology, but wounds do not operate in men’s mind and psychology. Men only have moods. Therefore, women remember wounds and men do not.

   However, women do not have any xes wounds. They only have xes moods operating in their xesmind and xes psychology. Men have xes wounds that operate within their xesmind and xes psychology. Here, xesmind is within the mind, so they cannot recognize or feel xes moods or xes wounds.

   Emotions are the results of the interaction between mind and psychology, so one cannot feel xes emotions. Eventually, if someone feels something about xes information, it is moods and feelings operating in the mind and psychology rather than xes moods or xes feelings operating in xesmind and xes psychology. Therefore, one cannot feel xes moods or feelings that operate in xesmind and xes psychology caused by xes information. However, xesmind and xes psychology influence the mind, psychology, and body.

   Women have wounds in their mind and have xes moods operating within xesmind. So women’s wounds operate in the mind, influence the body and are felt. However, if a man has too many xes wounds, these xes wounds directly influence his mind and body without being consciously recognized or felt. So men cannot know if they have xes wounds or not.

   The hypothesis is that, in xesmind, women do not remember xes wounds, but men will have xes memory of xes wounds. This hypothesis was created by reversing the theory of mimind which state that women remember wounds and men do not remember wounds.

   These are the main hypotheses of the theory of xesmind. There are more than three hypotheses, but the exploration of these hypotheses allowed a clear interpretation of the cause of sexual dysfunction, psychological disorders, and physical diseases.

[This article is copyright protected. Do not use without permission]